Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a common and potentially serious condition that affects the respiratory system of cattle. It is often referred to as "shipping fever" or "pneumonia," as it is often seen in cattle that have been transported over long distances or exposed to stress.
BRD is caused by a combination of factors, including bacteria, viruses, and environmental stressors. The most common bacteria associated with BRD are Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica. Viruses that can contribute to BRD include bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), parainfluenza-3 virus (PI3V), and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV).
Symptoms of BRD can include coughing, nasal discharge, difficulty breathing, and decreased appetite. The disease can range in severity from mild to severe, and can lead to permanent damage to the respiratory system or death in severe cases.
There are several risk factors that can increase the likelihood of cattle developing BRD, including:
- Transportation: Cattle that are transported over long distances or in crowded conditions are more likely to develop BRD.
- Stress: Exposure to stress, such as changes in diet or environment, can weaken the immune system and increase the risk of BRD.
- Poor housing and ventilation: Cattle that are housed in crowded, poorly ventilated facilities are more likely to develop BRD.
- Poor nutrition: Cattle that are not receiving a balanced diet may be more susceptible to BRD.
To prevent BRD, it is important to follow good management practices, such as providing proper nutrition, housing, and ventilation, and minimizing stress. Vaccines are also available to help protect against some of the bacteria and viruses that can cause BRD.
Treatment of BRD typically involves the use of antibiotics and supportive care, such as providing warm, dry bedding and ensuring that the animal has access to water and feed. In severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary.